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“依法”的英译策略研究

 2011/12/19    

“依法”的英译策略研究
成都通译翻译 陈 涛


摘 要:“依法”是法律文件中的高频词,翻译的妥当与否涉及当事人的权利义务问题。而这方面的研究在国内尚未充分展开,误译的情况时有发生,尤以“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”的滥用最为明显。本文以我国现行法律文本为素材,分析了“依法”的不同功能和效果,剖析先前翻译实践的经验与不足,提出了“依法”的翻译对策和等效翻译原则。

关键词:依法;英译;IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW;功能;效果

Abstract: In light of the frequent occurrence of the phrase “依法(YIFA)” in Chinese legal documents and the great concern of the translation thereof with the parties involved, and in light of the insufficient attention to this subject in Chinese translation community and the consequent confusion in the current translation practice, the author, on the basis of the current Chinese written laws, probes into the functions and effects of such phrase, and, drawing lessons from the past translation practice, esp., the misuse and overuse of “in accordance with the law”, arrives at several conclusions as to the translation of such phrase, esp., the equivalent-effect principle.

Key words: YIFA; E-C translation; in accordance with the law; function; effect

1. 前言
随着社会的进步和经济的发展,各种社会矛盾开始显现,并日益凸显出来,迫切需要更多、更有针对性的法律法规来解决层出不穷的社会问题,并需要通过契约,将民事活动纳入到法律的范畴中来,提高民事活动的有序性、可预测性和效率。国际合作更是打破了法律和契约适用的疆域限制,随着“依法治国”执政理念被逐步接受和贯彻执行,整个国家的法治意识空前高涨,一场轰轰烈烈的造法运动正进行得如火如荼。在这场运动中,翻译无疑要起到桥梁和纽带的作用。

“依法”乃我国法律文件中的高频词,从国家法律到企业章程,再到民事契约,概莫能外。仅以《中华人民共和国民法通则》(以下简称《民法通则》)和《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》(以下简称《劳动合同法》)为例,在这两部篇幅不大的法律文本中,前者使用“依法”34次[[1]],后者26次[[2]],使用之频繁,远远超过其他词语。这反映了法律语言的严谨性,以及了“法”之于“行”的重要规范作用,也反映了该词的多义性。仅以“依法纳税”和“依法治国”为例。“依法纳税”的义务主体是“中华人民共和国公民”[[3]],法律规定,该义务主体不但有义务纳税,还有义务按照法律规定的程序履行纳税义务,也就是说,“依法”有两个功能:1、纳税义务的依据(即“法”);2、纳税义务履行的行为准则(亦即“法”);诚如《中华人民共和国宪法》第五条规定:“中华人民共和国实行依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家。”[[4]]我们只能读出“治国必以法”的要求来,至于何人有义务去“治国”,宪法并未规定,也就是说,“依法纳税”之“依法”只有一个功能——“行为准则”。

在这一问题的处理上,译界普遍存在的问题是对“依法”的含义和功能缺乏理解,因而:翻译策略的选择不是建立在对原文含义与功能理解的基础上,而是盲目照搬,讹传了立法或立约者的意旨,出现了滥用“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”的情况。以流传最广的三个《民法通则》英译本——中华人民共和国国务院法制局英译本(LAB)、澳洲CCH股份有限公司英译本(CCH)、美国China Law Reporter杂志英译本(CLR)——为例[5]:

◇ 原文:第三十七条
法人应当具备的条件:
(一)依法成立;
◆ 译文:
Article 37 (LAB) A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
Article 37 (CCH) A juristic person should meet the following conditions:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
Article 37 (CLR) A legal person must fulfill the following conditions:
(1) it must be established in accordance with the law;
▲ 分析:
法人成立与否,法律自不会强勉,也就是说,法律并不强加“成立”之义务,仅就成立的过程进行限定(过程控制功能),三个译本不约而同地使用了“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”。

◇ 原文:第三十八条
依照法律或法人组织章程规定,代表法人行使职权的负责人,是法人的法定代表人。

◆ 译文:
Article 38 (LAB) In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.

Article 38 (CCH) A person who, in accordance with the law or the articles of association, is responsible for representing the legal person in the exercise of its duties and functions is the representative of the legal person.

Article 38 (CLR) The legal representative of the juristic person shall be the responsible person who exercises its powers on behalf of a juristic person in accordance with the law or provisions of the organizational charter of a juristic person.

▲ 分析:
“依照法律”是“依法”的全称,在本例中,充当“代表法人行使职权的负责人”的行为依据,非在强加“代表法人行使职权”的义务于任何人,也非为“行使职权”确立行为准则。但上述三例仍以“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”作译。

◇ 原文:第四十条
法人终止,应依法进行清算,停止清算范围外的活动。

◆ 译文:
Article 40 (LAB) When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance with the law and discontinue all other activities.

Article 40 (CCH) Upon termination, a legal person shall carry out liquidation and cease activities which are beyond the scope of the liquidation.

Article 40 (CLR) When a juristic person is terminated, it should carry out liquidation in accordance with the law, and acts outside the scope of the liquidation shall cease.

▲ 分析:
此“依法”功能有二:首先,要求相关人员在“法人终止”这一事件发生时,必须实施清算,即义务强加功能;其次,实施“清算”,必须遵守法定程序,即过程控制功能。功能早已发生变化,而LAB译文仍然采用“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”,实属不当。

◇ 原文:第四十五条
企业法人由于以下原因之一终止:
(一)依法被撤销;

◆ 译文:

Article 45 (LAB) An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
Article 45 (CCH) A corporation shall terminate under any one of the following circumstances:
(i) legal annulment;
Article 45 (CLR) An enterprise-juristic person may be terminated for any of the following reasons:
(1) annulment in accordance with the law;

▲ 分析:
此“依法”重在交代“撤销”这一法律行为的依据(行为依据功能),至于过程,则并不关心,也并未体现出任何部门或人员的“撤销”义务。CLR的译本作法是依然是以不变应万变。

◇ 原文:第五十条
具备法人条件的事业单位、社会团体,依法不需要办理法人登记的,从成立之日起,具有法人资格;

◆ 译文:
Article 50 (LAB) If according to the law an institution or social organization having the qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on the day it is established;

Article 50 (CCH) An institution or association which fulfills the criteria of a legal person and which is not required by law to register as a legal person shall acquire the status of a legal person from the date of its establishment.

Article 50 (CLR) Institutional units and social organizations which meet the conditions necessary to be a juristic person that are not required by law to register as juristic persons have the status of juristic persons from the date they are established;

▲ 分析:
此“依法”何意呢?义务强加。我们发现,在这种情况下,三个译本的作者似乎发现了它的意义差别,纷纷变译。

“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”这一短语历来为国内学者、译者所推崇,大凡法律翻译著作[[6]][[7]][[8]],必有所载,俨然成了“依法”的钦定译法,此误译之滥觞。我们来看看国外法律界对该短语的态度:《美国宪法》(The Constitution of the United States)未使用该短语[[9]],长篇累牍的《澳大利亚宪法》(Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act)共使用4次[[10]],而简短的《中国宪法》英译本却使用了28次[[11]]。

那么该短语究竟是什么意思呢?请看下面的定义。

“To be accordance is to be in conformity or compliance. In accordance is sometimes cumbersome, but often useful. E.g., ‘The search was conducted in accordance with FCI regulations and without excessive use of force’. Out of accordance with = not in conformity.”[[12]]

“In accordance with (或<美>to)与……一致;依据;依照:In accordance with your request I am sending you the sample pages of dictionary.依据你的要求,现寄上词典的样张。”[[13]]

关于该短语的含义,这两部词典的观点完全一致,但在用法方面,均为谈及。我们要追问:在“A shall do something in accordance with the law.”这一个常见的法律语句中,“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”究竟是方式状语(原文含义为“某事情必须依照法律规定的程序”)呢,还是依据状语[[14]]呢(原文含义为“法律有规定,必须做某事”)?须知,两种解释所产生的法律效力大相径庭。虽然凭借一般的句法规律,可以基本排除依据状语,但法律语言必须是严谨的,要最大程度消除歧义[[15]],况且我们的译法选择有许多,类似上文所列《民法通则》第五十条三种译文用的方法就值得借鉴,单就本例而言,完全可以作如下处理:

理解(1):
A shall do something in the way required by the law.

理解(2):
A. A shall do something, which is required by the law.
B. To comply with the law, A shall do something.

如此处理,一目了然,岂不快哉!可惜译界、学界的同仁多未意识到这一点,无视语言本身的逻辑和国外法律起草及翻译实践,抱紧了“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”的残缺不放。这就背离了法律语言的最高原则——ACCURACY(准确)[[16]],会造成中外双方信息不对称,增加了纠纷发生的概率,译者当引以为鉴。

2. “依法”的含义与功能
上文谈了“依法”的三大功能:(1)义务强加(如《民法通则》第五十条);(2)过程控制(如《民法通则》第三十七条);(3)行为依据(如《民法通则》第三十八条、第四十五条)。除此之外,“依法”的功能还有哪些呢?

(4) 权利授予。例如:

《劳动合同法》第四十四条[[17]]

有下列情形之一的,劳动合同终止:

(二)劳动者开始依法享受基本养老保险待遇的;

(5) 法规重述。例如:

依法应如何处理?

这五大功能并非总是各守一隅,往往联合作战,即一个以上的功能(一般是两个)集于“依法”一词,主要有以下几种:

(1) 义务强加[+]过程控制。例如:

《民法通则》第四十条,见上文。

(2) 权利授予[+]过程控制。例如:

《劳动合同法》第五十六条[[18]]
用人单位违反集体合同,侵犯职工劳动权益的,工会可以依法要求用人单位承担责任;因履行集体合同发生争议,经协商解决不成的,工会可以依法申请仲裁、提起诉讼。

除了彼此联合外,上述功能还可能以否定的形式出现。

(1) 对“义务强加[+]过程控制”的否定。例如:

《劳动合同法》第三十八条[[19]]
用人单位有下列情形之一的,劳动者可以解除劳动合同:

(三)未依法为劳动者缴纳社会保险费的;

(2) 对义务强加的否定。例如:

未依法在某日之前完成某项手续
(注:“完成手续”和上例的“缴纳社会保险费”不同,无程度可言,结果只有两种——完成或者没完成,因而不存在过程控制一说。)

综上所述,在国内的法律实践中,“依法”主要有五大功能,可独立存在,也可经四种不同方式组合(彼此组合,以及与否定词NOT的组合),因而产生九种不同的效果。

3. 正译举隅
接下来,笔者结合实例,针对“依法”的九种不同效果,逐一试译,仅供参考。(为节省篇幅,原文不赘)

(1) Eligible for legal personality, a non-profit institution or a social organization obtains its legal personality upon its establishment, where no registration is required by the law;

(2) A juristic person shall meet the requirements that it:
(i) be instituted in the way required by the law;

(3) A business corporation terminates, if:
(i) annulled by the law;

(4) The employment contract terminates, if:
(ii) the employee is legally entitled to the endowment insurance;

(5) What the law provides for this?

(6) While terminating, a juristic person shall discontinue all activities except for liquidation, which is required by the law and shall be conducted in the way required by the law.

(7) The labor union may, as empowered by the law, and shall claim, in the way required by the law, against the employer;

(8) (iii) breach the law by failing to pay the tax, or fail to pay the tax in the way required by the law;

(9) breach the law by failing to fulfill the procedures prior to a specific time

4. 结论
(1) 在国内的法律实践中,“依法”的含义和功能均较复杂,很多情况下都同时承载了一种以上的功能,译者在翻译之前,先要找出其真正含义;

(2) 国人惯用“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”,竟至泛滥,而该英文短语的含义较宽泛,用法未臻统一,极易引起歧义,导致信息失真,将当事各方置于风险之中;

(3) “IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”可用,但要慎用,译者在实际翻译中要弄清它的真实含义,选择恰当的表达法;

(4) 翻译“依法”的前提是正确区分其功能和含义,以减少歧义和效果对等为原则,选取最优的翻译方法,精确翻译是可能的。

参考文献:


作者简介:陈涛,成都通译翻译有限公司,翻译总监。研究方向:规范汉语、法律语言、语法、翻译实践与教学。E-mail: mailofchentao@foxmail.com,电话:15928915970。



附:


A. 论文总字数(含标点符号)
4579

B. 论文标题的英文(含副标题、作者英文名)
Research on the C-E Translation of “依法”/Chen Tao

C. 详细通信地址、邮编、电话号码或手机号
地址:成都市望江路1号中海广场705
邮编:610021
手机:15928915970



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